name: csharp-coding description: C# 14 and .NET 10 coding patterns, idioms, and conventions

C# Coding Skill

Patterns and idioms for writing modern C# code.

This skill covers C# 14 language features, .NET 10 conventions, and idiomatic C# development. Load this skill before writing or modifying C# code.

Required Language Features

• File-scoped namespaces: namespace MyApp.Core;
• Primary constructors: class Service(IDep dep, ILogger logger)
• Collection expressions (MANDATORY): [], [item], [..spread]
  • NEVER use new[], new List<T>(), Array.Empty<T>()
  • For type inference, prefer [new T { }, new T { }] over casts
  • Use T[] x = [...] only when simpler forms fail
• Records for DTOs, init setters
• Pattern matching: is not null, switch expressions
• Spread operator for collections: [..first, ..second]

C# 14 Features (.NET 10)

• field keyword: public string Name { get; set => field = value ?? throw; } = "";
• Extension blocks: extension(T src) { public bool IsEmpty => !src.Any(); } (properties + statics)
• Null-conditional assignment: obj?.Prop = value; (RHS evaluated only if obj not null)
• Lambda modifiers without types: (text, out result) => int.TryParse(text, out result)

Migration: Use new syntax for new code; opportunistically refactor existing code when revisiting.

Required Idioms

Visibility

• Use internal for implementation classes (CLI apps, service implementations)
• Use public only for genuine external APIs
• Concrete classes implementing public interfaces should be internal

Data Modeling

• Records for data models
• Favor immutability where reasonable
• Use immutable collections: IReadOnlyCollection, IReadOnlyDictionary

JSON Serialization

• System.Text.Json: Use JsonSerializerOptions for convention/style settings applied uniformly
• Reserve attributes ([JsonPropertyName], etc.) for special cases only
• Check for existing options configuration before creating new instances

UsedImplicitly Attribute

Mark runtime-used members (deserialization, reflection, DI):

• [UsedImplicitly] - type instantiated implicitly (DI, empty marker records)
• [UsedImplicitly(ImplicitUseKindFlags.Assign)] - properties set via deserialization
• [UsedImplicitly(..., ImplicitUseTargetFlags.WithMembers)] - applies to type AND all members
• Common for DTOs: [UsedImplicitly(ImplicitUseKindFlags.Assign, ImplicitUseTargetFlags.WithMembers)]

Warning Suppression

• NEVER use #pragma warning disable
• Use [SuppressMessage] with Justification on class/method level
• Prefer class-level when multiple members need same suppression

LINQ

• LINQ method chaining over loops
• LINQ method syntax only; NEVER use query syntax (from/where/select keywords)

Method Calls

• Named arguments for boolean literals: new Options(SendInfo: false, SendEmpty: true)
• Named arguments for consecutive same-type parameters to clarify intent

Async

• ValueTask for hot paths
• CancellationToken everywhere (use ct for variable name)

Interfaces

• Avoid interface pollution: not every service class must have an interface
• Add interfaces when justified (testability, more than one implementation)

Local Functions

• Local functions go after return/continue statements
• Add explicit return; or continue; if needed to separate main logic from local function defs

Design Principles

Quality Gates

• Zero warnings/analysis issues - treat warnings as errors
• All code must pass static analysis before commit

Abstraction

• Prefer polymorphism over enums when modeling behavior or extensibility
• Propose enum vs polymorphism tradeoffs for discussion rather than defaulting to enums
• Every abstraction must justify its existence with concrete current needs

Dependency Injection

• MUST use DI for all dependencies; NEVER manually new service objects in production code
• Concrete implementations get injected; tests can substitute
• Search existing registrations before adding new ones

Comment Guidelines

Comments must earn their place by reducing cognitive load. When to comment:

• LINQ chains (3+ operations): Brief comment stating transformation goal
• Conditional blocks with non-obvious purpose: One-line comment (e.g., // Explicit: user specified)
• Private methods: Block comment if name + parameters don't make purpose self-evident
• Early returns/continues: Include reason if not obvious from context
• Complex algorithms: Comment explaining approach at top, not line-by-line
• General: Any code where a reader would pause and wonder "why?" or "what's happening here?"

NEVER:

• XML doc comments (unless public API library)
• Commented-out code
• Restating what code literally does

Tooling

Formatting

• CSharpier is the ONLY formatting tool
• NEVER use dotnet format or other formatters
• Run pre-commit hooks on all changed files

dotnet CLI

• Use dotnet CLI for: adding/removing packages, adding projects to solution
• Central package management via Directory.Packages.props - specify versions there, not in csproj
• Avoid --no-build or --no-restore flags; dotnet test handles restore + build automatically
• Minimal verbosity for build/test: dotnet build -v m --no-incremental, dotnet test -v m
• For verbose debugging, pipe to file: dotnet test -v d 2>&1 > /tmp/test.log then search with rg

Project Structure

• SLNX format preferred over traditional SLN
• One Autofac/DI module per library to keep registration modular
• Dotnet tools configured in .config/dotnet-tools.json